Roman Make-up

Roman women used a great variety of cosmetics, perfumes, hair dyes and make-up including foundation creams, eye-shadow, nail polish, eye liner, rouge and lip colors. The higher the status of the woman the more make-up they wore. The status of the Roman men was reflected in the clothes that they wore such as the toga. However, the clothing styles and fashions of Roman women were relatively simple and unchanging and as women had no special dress that distinguished their status the wealthy women wore expensive make-up together with highly elaborate hairstyles and wigs to proclaim their wealth and status.

Roman Make-up - Make-up artists
As the Roman Hairstyles and the make-up worn by women became more elaborate and an important sign of status it became necessary for slaves to create the latest fashionable hairstyles and make-up. These slaves were highly skilled and valued. The Roman slave hairdressers were called ornatrices who also doubled as make-up artist of wealthy Roman women.

http://thesalonjacksonville.com/category/hair/hair-history/

Roman Make-up - Cleansers
The Romans paid great attention to their hygiene and time was spent at the Roman baths which were also used as a place of meeting and socialising. Following their baths Roman women enjoyed applying a form of moisturising cream.

http://www.nasledie-rus.ru/podshivka/pics/7310-pictures.php?picture=731012
Roman Make-up - Foundation creams
The first application of Roman Make-up consisted of a layer of foundation. This could sometimes be dangerous as the wealthy often favored a white lead paste which was poisonous. Chalk and the orris root was also used to make foundation pastes and a mixture of fat, starch and tin oxide was also used.

Roman Make-up - Rouge and Lip color
The Roman women then applied rouge over the foundation layer of make-up to stain their cheeks. The rouge was also used as lip color to stain their lips as was a lip salve tinted with alkanet root and ochre. The red coloring used by Ancient Roman women in make up was achieved by the use of red ochre. Red ochre is a pigment made from naturally tinted clay - hydrated iron oxide. To prepare the ochre used for make- up the clay was first mined from the ground, washed to separate sand from ochre and then dried in the sun and sometimes burned to enhance the natural red color.рр

http://klasnaocinka.com.ua/ru/article/modnaya-istoriya-14-razdel-istoriya-makiyazha.html
Roman Make-up - Eye Shadow and Eyeliner
The Roman women paid special attention to their eye make-up, especially emphasising the eyebrows. The black make-up applied was kohl which was made from galena and used as an eyeliner. Galena is a blue-grey natural mineral form of lead sulphide. Using a cosmetic grinder Kohl was produced from a mixture of soot and galena and stored in containers called kohl pots. Eye shadow was made from saffron. Eye shadow also changed as the Romans conquered different people, such as the Egyptians. The Romans used the green coloring of Ancient Egyptian eye make up which was made from the green pigment called malachite. The malchite stone was crushed and then mixed as the green eye make up.

Roman Make-up - Perfumes and Oils
The Ancient Romans used various perfumes obtained from the fragrances derived from flowers, plants, seeds. They were blended into a cream made from animal fats and oils. Myrrh, frankincense, cardamom and cinnamon was used to mix the exotic perfumes used by Roman women.

http://reni.kharkov.ua/index.php?ukey=auxpage_istorija-nalivnoj-parfjumerii

http://www.tribunesandtriumphs.org/

Roman Jewelry

No jewelry was more generally worn among the Romans than rings. Propriety demanded that adult male Roman citizens wear only one item of jewelry, although it was eventually acceptable for a man to wear both a ring and a brooch or fastener for his cloak. This was definitely not the case for Roman women who wore a variety of different types of Jewelry and precious stones. Gold coins (aurei) were often made into Roman jewelry.

Roman Jewelry - Precious and Semi-Precious Stones
Roman jewelry was generally made of gold rather than silver and was decorated with a variety of Precious and Semi-Precious Stones. The precious and semi-precious stones used in the making of Roman jewelry included the following:

• Pearls 
• Emeralds 
• Turquoise 
• Garnets 
• Carnelian 
• Chalcedony 
• Feldspar 
• Amethyst 

Roman Jewelry - Rings
The most popular piece of Roman Jewelry were rings, but Roman men generally only wore one ring at a time. There were different types of rings including betrothal rings. The senators and equites wore golden rings as did the the legionary tribunes. The plebeians wore iron rings unless when they were presented with a golden one for their bravery in war or as a reward for special services. Under the emperors the right of wearing a golden ring was more liberally conferred and eventually it was granted by Justinian to all citizens.

http://www.evpatori.ru/ekonomika-drevnego-rima.html
Roman Jewelry worn by Women
The Ancient Roman women were great lovers of jewelry and adorned themselves with a profusion of trinkets. These included a variety of jewelry including earrings, bracelets, amulets, necklaces, pendants, bracelets, cameos, rings and various types of head jewelry including tiaras, coronets and diadems. Filigree work on Roman jewelry, copied from countries such as Egypt, produced a delicate, lacelike gold which was generally used in buckles and clasps of gold. Gold bracelets were often styled in the form of snakes. Necklaces were produced in all sizes and patterns, many in the form of pendants. Bracelets might consist of plain gold rings, both solid and hollow and were designed for wearing on the wrist. The bracelets were fastened by means of a gold pin.

http://www.langantiques.com/university/index.php/Roman_Jewelry

Roman Jewelry - The Bulla
Roman jewelry was not just made for decorative purposes. Some contained symbols that would provide the wearer with protection and prosperity. Roman boys wore a bulla which was given to them when they were babies. The bulla was a neckchain with a round pouch containing protective amulets, often phallic symbols which emphasised their masculinity. The bulla was made in a variety of metals, the most popular being gold. Some of the sons of wealthy Romans also wore small gold rings carved with a phallus for good luck.

http://archaeologicalmuseum.jhu.edu/the-collection/object-stories/

http://www.tribunesandtriumphs.org/

Roman Hairstyles - Wigs, Dyes and Hair Accessories

Cosmetics and hairstyling required mirrors, which were made of highly polished bronze or silver in rectangular or round shapes. Blonde hair was greatly admired by the Romans. Roman women used a form of hair dye to produce the prized blond hair. Grey hair was also dyed using a form of walnut dye. Wigs were common in Ancient Rome which were combed into elaborate hairstyles. Some country slaves had their heads shaven and their hair was used to produce wigs for wealthy Roman women. It was therefore a severe punishment for a town-slave to be sent into the country. Various accessories were used to create elaborate and striking hairstyles. The accessories used to create the elaborate hairstyles were as follows:

• Perfume was applied to provide pleasant smelling hair 
• Curling tongs were used to create hairstyles 
• A variety of different combs and hairbrushes were used 
• Hairnets were worn made of finely woven gold wires 
• Wire supports were used to create hairstyles 
• Hair pins were used to create hairstyles 
• Ribbons were used to enhance hairstyles 
• Garlands of flowers 
• Precious jewels were thread into the hair and jewels were featured in tiaras and head dresses 
• Gold and pearls were also popular as hair accessories and to create intricate hairstyles
  

http://www.haoss.org/t15619-rimski-kostim

http://www.tribunesandtriumphs.org/

Roman Hairstyles

Roman Hairstyles for Women
Roman women originally dressed their hair with great simplicity. One of the simplest styles of wearing the hair was allowing it to fall down in tresses behind, and only confining it by a band encircling the head. Another favourite but simple hairstyle was platting the hair, and then fastening it behind with a large pin. Young girls wore their long hair in simple buns tied at the base of the neck or wore their hair in a top knot. Simple hairstyles for married women changed during the reign of the Emperor Augustus when a variety of different and elaborate hairstyles came into fashion. The clothing fashions of Roman women remained relatively simple and unchanging and as women had no special dress that distinguished their status the wealthy women wore luxurious materials, highly elaborate hairstyles, make-up and expensive jewelry. During the rule of the Flavian emperors (69-138 BC) hairstyles were raised to a great height by rows of false curls. This fashion was described by the writer Juvenal as the hairstyles made women appear tall from the front but quite the opposite from the back. The hair of Roman women become elaborately curled. Hairstyles were elaborately arranged in layers. Hairstyles involved hair being twisted, waved and curled. Ringlets were created to create hairstyles which fell to the sides and the backs of the head. Wigs and hair pieces were used to create an illusion of abundant locks. The picture of some hairstyles worn by Roman women are shown below.

http://www.litmir.net/br/?b=157490&p=39

http://www.tribunesandtriumphs.org/

Roman Hairstyles for Men

The Roman Hairstyles for men changed over the years. In early times the Romans wore their hair long but after the introduction of barbers into Italy about B.C. 300, it became the practice to wear their hair short. A full head of hair was prized by Roman men and Julius Caesar went to great pains to hide his thinning hair. It is said that of all the honors decreed to Caesar by the senate he was best pleased with that of always wearing a laurel crown, because it covered his baldness, which was considered a deformity. The leading figure during the period of the Roman Empire was of course the Emperor and if he adopted a new hairstyle then this was quickly adopted by other Roman men. The Emperor Nero (54-68 CE) adopted elaborate hairstyles with curls framing his face. Roman curling tongs were used for this purpose. Nero set another fashion in hairstyles and started to wear sideburns. The Emperor Hadrian (117-138 CE) was the first emperor to wear a short beard which then became quite common among Roman men. In his later years the Emperor Constantine wore false hair of various colors which was carefully arranged and perfumed. Wealthy Roman men followed his lead and dyed their hair in a variety of dark and light shades and the wearing of wigs also became fashionable.

                                          http://dictionary_of_ancient.academic.ru/3353/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8

http://www.tribunesandtriumphs.org/

Gladiator Sandals

 History of Gladiator Sandals - Roman Footwear
Many of the gladiators fought barefoot but others wore Gladiator Sandals. Absolutely no Roman citizen would appear in public with bare feet. This would indicate dire poverty. Roman citizens wore sandals (soleae) - footwear without toe coverings indoors and shoes or boots (calcei or calceus), footwear with toe coverings with straps which covered the ankles, the calf, or up to the knee, outdoors. Sandals are believed to be the first rigid shoes crafted. A stiff sole was attached to the foot by leather cords, straps, or braided thongs. Sandals were generally the most worn type of footwear in warm climates such as the countries surrounding the Mediterranean - the Roman Empire.

Roman Sandals
There were many different styles of Roman Sandals and these styles depended on the cost. Only the cheapest materials were used for slaves and laborers in the plainest of colors. Only Romans of a high status such as the Patricians would wear red dyed shoes. Roman soldiers who were expected to march for many miles had to have strong shoes which were called caliga. The sole of the caliga was thickly studded with hobnails.

Different Types of Gladiator Sandals

Gladiator Sandals were worn in the arena. The arenas of Ancient Rome were covered with sand, to soak up the blood. It was not strictly necessary for gladiator sandals to be studded with hobnails. It was, however, traditional for many gladiators to wear the armor, clothes and weapons which came from their ethnic backgrounds and in battle re-enactments which were shown in the arena some gladiators would have played the parts of Roman soldiers - so sandals studded with hobnails would have been worn.

Materials used to make Gladiator Sandals - Leather

The materials used to make Gladiator Sandals was predominantly leather. The Ancient Romans were expert in the process of tanning and produced both supple leather which was ideal for making gladiator sandals and tough leather which was used to make protective armor. The Romans used the hide of animals such as a deer or cattle. The thickest and most durable types of leather were used for making the soles of gladiator sandals and remaining weaker leather was used for making the straps.

http://nevsepic.com.ua/art-i-risovanaya-grafika/12545-istoriya-kostyuma-rim-i-greciya-8-rabot.html

http://www.tribunesandtriumphs.org/

Gladiators Clothing

History, Facts and Information about Gladiators Clothing
Gladiators in general wore minimal amounts of clothing and almost all of the different types of gladiators fought with bare chests, which the Romans viewed as a symbol of masculine virility. For the sake of modesty they wore a canvas loin cloth, called a subligaculum, which was worn in a variety of colors. Gladiators clothing was finished with sandals although many fought barefoot.

Gladiators Clothing - Expensive Clothing

There were occasions when Gladiators Clothing was more stylish and expensive. It must be remembered that gladiators were paid each time they fought and they were allowed to keep any rewards and purses of money. The most successful gladiators were also treated like modern day 'Pop Idols' with fan worship, fame and glory. Successful gladiators could therefore buy better clothes than was supplied by the Gladiator schools.

http://odejda-chel.ucoz.com/blog/odezhda_drevnego_rima/2011-07-13-75

Roman Emperor Clothing

Public display of status was an extremely important feature of Roman society. The Romans required that their status and rank was immediately recognized, in order to be meaningful, and the the clothing worn by the Roman Emperor, especially on state occasions had to be the most expensive, made from the rarest and finest materials. The material, style and color of the clothing worn by a Roman Emperor was the very best and the Emperor was instantly recognised by what he wore. Although the colors, decorations and materials used in the manufacture of a Roman Emperors clothing he wore the basic garments of the Romans: The tunic, the toga and the cloak:
 The Toga was the standard loose flowing outer garment which was elaborately draped around the body
 The tunic (tunica) was worn below the toga. The original tunic designs reached to the knees and had short sleeves. In the second century AD the style changed and long sleeves were acceptable in the tunic design
 The cloak called a paludamentum which was fastened at the shoulder with a clasp, called a fibula.

Roman Emperor Clothing - The Color Purple and the 'Trabea' Toga

The most associated color with Roman Emperor Clothing is the color purple. Only a Roman Emperor was allowed to wear the 'trabea' which was a toga entirely colored in purple and worn on ceremonial occasions. Statues of gods were also dressed in the purple trabea toga, emphasising the importance of the color and of course associating the Emperor with the Roman gods. The purple toga was also referred to as the Toga purpurea. Lesser mortals such as kings, senators, young sons of senators, augurs and some other important priests were allowed to have purple stripes on their togas. The width of the stripe varied accordance to their status.

Roman Emperor Clothing - Toga picta

The Toga picta was another piece of Roman Emperor Clothing, which was also worn on special occasions such as the opening of gladiatorial games. Unlike all other types of toga, the material was not just dyed purple but was also richly embroidered and decorated with gold.

http://xhorni.com/patricians-ancient-rome.html

http://www.tribunesandtriumphs.org/

Roman Weddings - the Wedding Dress and 'Tying the Knot'

The bride's attire, like that of today, was special and worn only once. On the wedding day the bride was dressed in a simple robe of pure white (a tunica recta) which was bound with a woollen belt. The ritual and complicated marriage knot of the bride's belt was called the Nodus Herculaneus which symbolized the virility of Hercules, who fathered seventy children, which her husband alone was to unloose. This is the derivation of the saying 'Tying the Knot'. Wearing her wedding dress the bride waited for the arrival of the bridegroom. Traditionally the bridegroom, accompanied by a party of friends, carried her off with an appearance of violence, from the arms of her parents, to denote the reluctance the bride was supposed to feel at leaving her paternal roof.

http://www.myshared.ru/slide/227166/

Roman Weddings - the Hairstyle of the Bride

The bride's hairstyle was unique to brides and was called tutulus. The hair was divided into sex crines, six locks, and was fastened with vittae, fillets, on the top of her head in a meta, cone. Her hair was parted with a hasta recurva or hasta caelibaris, bent iron spearhead and crowned with flowers. It is not really known why this ritual was practiced, except that the ancient Romans may have believed that this would drive out the evil spirits thought to be living in the hair.

http://www.tribunesandtriumphs.org/roman-clothing/roman-wedding-clothing.htm

Roman Soldiers Clothing

Colors

The basic clothing including the tunic or cloaks of the Roman soldier was either red (dyed with madder) or undyed material giving an off-white color.

Loincloth

The loincloth was a basic item of clothing described as a one-piece male garment made of wool or linen.
http://www.ancientcraft.co.uk/Projects/caveman_clothes/caveman_clothes.html

Socks

The socks (udones) were quite common apparel (made sense with the marching requirements of Roman Soldiers). Full coverings or socks without a toe or heel were also worn.
http://www.medievaldesign.com/prodotti.asp?form_chiave=20
http://www.medievaldesign.com/eng-prodotti-uomo.asp?form_chiave=33

Leg Wrappings or Bindings (puttees)

Leg wrappings or leg bindings (puttees) were strips of material wrapped from the ankle up to the calf of the leg.
http://www.ebay.co.uk/bhp/roman-military

Trousers (Braccae)

Braccae is the Latin term for trousers, a style of pants, made from wool, which became popular with soldiers in the colder climates of the Empire. Braccae were fastened with a drawstring and were of varying lengths from just above the knee or to the ankles.

Military Tunic (Tunica)

The Military Tunic (Tunica) was a wide, shirt-like, undergarment made made of a long piece of rectangular cloth, made of wool, cotton or linen depending on the climate. It was originally sleeveless and usually white. The tunic later acquired sleeves. The tunic was girded with great care to the exact length considered correct for the rank of the wearer.

Military belt (Cingulum militare) 

The Military belt (cingulum militare) was wore around the waist of the soldier and acted as a holder for his dagger and the apron that hung from the front portion of the belt.

http://www.murphsplace.com/gladiator/legions.html

Cloaks (Sagum)

The sagum was the woollen cloak worn by the Roman soldiers and inferior officers, open in the front and usually fastened across the shoulders by a clasp. Another style of cloak was the paenula, a poncho style cape with a central hole for the head.

Scarf (focale)

The Scarf (focale) was a useful addition to the clothing worn and could be wrapped around the neck to prevent chaffing woolen scarves could be wrapped around the body for extra warmth.

http://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokal%C4%97
http://www.tribunesandtriumphs.org/roman-clothing/roman-soldiers-clothing.htm

Roman Children's Clothing

The bulla 

Roman children were presented with an amulet on a necklace called a bulla when they were first born. The bulla worn by Roman boys was a neck chain with a round pouch containing protective amulets, often phallic symbols which emphasized their masculinity. Girls were given an amulet as a protection against evil and was worn on a chain, cord, or strap. Girls wore their bulla until the eve of their wedding day, when their bulla was set aside with other childhood things such as her toys.

https://www.flickr.com/photos/mrjennings/62612598/in/photostream/

Boys Clothes

Although the colors, decorations and materials used in the manufacture of Roman clothing varied the tunic and the cloak were the main items worn by Roman boys: 

• The tunic (tunica) reached to the knees and had short sleeves. In the second century AD the style changed and long sleeves became acceptable in the tunic design;
•  Boys wore cloaks which were used as protection from the weather was called a paludamentum and was fastened at the shoulder with a clasp, called a fibula. The cloaks often had head coverings attached to them;
•  Boys wore a variety of different shoes, boots and sandals.

The Boy's Toga

By Roman Law only adult, male, Roman citizens were allowed to wear the toga virilis only upon reaching the age of political majority (seventeen). However wealthy and noble young men who were the sons of senators, from the age of fourteen until they were seventeen years of age were allowed to wear a toga bordered with purple, called the toga praetexta.

Girls Clothes

Roman girls were not allowed to wear the stola until they are married. Although the colors, decorations and materials used in the manufacture of a children's clothing varied, the tunic and the cloak were the main items worn by Roman girls:

• The tunic. Girls wore a simple tunic with a belt at the waist. When they went outside, they wore a second tunic that reached their feet;
• Girls wore cloaks which were used as protection from the weather and was fastened at the shoulder with a clasp. The cloaks often had head;
• Girls wore a variety of different shoes and sandals.

http://www.tribunesandtriumphs.org/roman-clothing/roman-childrens-clothing.htm 

Roman Clothing for Men

 Roman Sumptuary Laws ensured that the clothing worn by Roman men immediately provided information about the status of the person wearing them. Clothes did not just indicate the wealth of the person, it also reflected their social standing. For instance, only Roman citizens were allowed, by law, to wear the Toga. The colors and width of the bands, or stripes on tunics and togas were called the clavus. The clavus, together with its style and color, were instantly recognisable as an indication of office or rank and dictated by the Roman Sumptuary Laws. 

In typical    Roman fashion, the more distinguished the wearer, the more his dress was distinctively marked, while the dress of the lowest classes was often not marked at all. 

In the above diagram, for example, we can deduce that the first man on the left is a Roman citizen (because he wears a toga) but is not an equestrian or senator (because he has no stripes on his tunic).

http://www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/clothing.html

The Toga 

The toga was a loose outer garment without sleeves which was open from the waist upwards. The material to make a toga consisted of a single broad piece of woollen cloth of a shape similar to a semicircle. The toga was draped gracefully by placing an edge on the left side of the body which extended from the lower legs up over the shoulder, around the back and beneath the right arm and the loose end of material was thrown over the left shoulder.  It was generally made of undyed white wool, except the border of the toga which was colored according to the status of the wearer.

http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/clothing/a/063010-Toga.htm

The Tunic 

The tunic was usually made of wool. The tunic in its variety of different forms was worn by people of all classes and those worn by men were with and without sleeves and cut in a variety of lengths. Tunics were made from many different types of materials. The tunic was fastened by a girdle or belt about the waist, to keep it tight, which also served as a purse. Roman senators wore a tunic with broad band or strip called the tunica laticlavia

http://www.bible-researcher.com/headcoverings3.html

The Cloak 

The purpose of Roman Cloaks was primarily to provide protection from the weather, the cold and rain. Some cloaks had hoods (cucullus) attached to them. The paenula was a very simple type of Roman cloak consisting of a piece of material with a central hole allowing the wearer to slip the cloak over the head. The abolla was the name of a cloak worn by wealthy and aristocratic Patricians and were made of different types of rich, costly materials.

http://www.creatinghistory.com/abolla-roman-military-cloak/

Roman Clothing for Women

Roman women wore a simple bra in the form of a band called a fascia. The fascia was tightly tied around the body across the bust and under clothing. The Roman Clothing of women also included of an item of underwear called a tunica interior, or subucula which was like a chemise which was worn next to the skin and reached the knees. This tunic was usually made of wool. The tunic in its variety of different forms could be worn by people of all classes and was worn usually with sleeves and cut in a variety of lengths and could be made from many different types of materials. Roman women's tunics were fuller and longer, usually extending to the feet. Outside the tunic was a chord or girdle was often worn which supported the breasts and was called a strophium. Over the tunic married Roman women wore a stola. 

Stola

The stola was an outer garment reaching the ankles. The stola was fastened round the body by a girdle with broad folds above the breast. The essential distinction between the tunic and the stola was that the latter always had an Instita or flounce sewed to the bottom of the garment reaching to the instep. The stola was usually fastened over the shoulder by a Fibula or clasp, and generally had sleeves. Over the stola the Roman women wore a long shawl, called a palla, when they went outside.

http://www.fashion-era.com/ancient_costume/roman-costume-history-women-hair.htm

Palla 

The palla was a shawl like garment worn over the stola. Roman cloaks were a practical accompaniment to the basic clothes worn by Roman women such as the tunic and the stola. The purpose of Roman Cloaks were primarily to provide protection from the cold and rain. Some had hoods (cucullus) attached to them. The palla was rectangular in shape and was usually draped over the left shoulder, under the right arm and back across the body. It was carried by the left arm or thrown back again over the left shoulder. The palla could also be pulled up to cover the head.

http://favriellesatelier.wordpress.com/category/uncategorized/

Veil

Roman Clothing for Women also included a variety of different veils or head coverings. Veils were short and and kept in place with a brooch or pin called a fibula.

https://www.pinterest.com/annamercedees/chapter-4-etruria-and-rome/

http://www.tribunesandtriumphs.org/roman-clothing/roman-clothing-for-women.htm

Introduction

Roman Clothes 

The content of this article provides interesting history, facts and information about Roman Clothes. The clothes of the Romans were simple. They usually wore 2-3 articles of clothing, not including shoes. All of the garments varied in the Roman clothing materials which were used. There was little change in fashion and style during the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire. Early contact with the Greeks on the south and with the Etruscans to the north gave the Romans a taste for beauty that was expressed in the grace of their flowing robes.


http://www.tribunesandtriumphs.org/roman-clothing/roman-clothes.htm